我想你可以用 distinct on :

select distinct on (col1) t.*
from tbl t
order by col1, col5

这将为中的每个不同值生成一行 col1 只是。如果 col1 有两个非- null 以及 null 价值 col5 ，然后是非- null 值被保留。如果只有一行可用，则使用 null 值，则将其选中。

CREATE TABLE tbl
        ( col1 integer
        , col2 text
        , col3 text
        , col4 text
        , col5 integer
        );
INSERT INTO tbl
VALUES
(1, 'NCT02582996', 'acetaminophen+caffeine+dihydroergotamine+metoclopramide.', 'metoclopramide.', 204756)
,(1, 'NCT02582996','acetaminophen+caffeine+dihydroergotamine+metoclopramide.', 'metoclopramide.',NULL)
,(3, 'NCT02582997','acetaminophen', 'metoclopramide.', 204758)
,(4, 'NCT02582998','ibuprufin',NULL,NULL)
        ;

select * from tbl t1;

select * from tbl t1
where col5 is not null
OR NOT EXISTS (
        select * from tbl x
        WHERE x.col1 = t1.col1
        and x.col5 is not null
        );

结果：

CREATE TABLE
INSERT 0 4
 col1 |    col2     |                           col3                           |      col4       |  col5  
------+-------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------
    1 | NCT02582996 | acetaminophen+caffeine+dihydroergotamine+metoclopramide. | metoclopramide. | 204756
    1 | NCT02582996 | acetaminophen+caffeine+dihydroergotamine+metoclopramide. | metoclopramide. |       
    3 | NCT02582997 | acetaminophen                                            | metoclopramide. | 204758
    4 | NCT02582998 | ibuprufin                                                |                 |       
(4 rows)

 col1 |    col2     |                           col3                           |      col4       |  col5  
------+-------------+----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------+--------
    1 | NCT02582996 | acetaminophen+caffeine+dihydroergotamine+metoclopramide. | metoclopramide. | 204756
    3 | NCT02582997 | acetaminophen                                            | metoclopramide. | 204758
    4 | NCT02582998 | ibuprufin                                                |                 |       
(3 rows)