如果知道所有域在更新前都具有相同的test.testr10，则可以使用LIMIT子句进行小批量更新。
假设您有2400条记录...

-- Set the first 500 records
UPDATE link 
   SET link = 'https://test1.testr11.com/file/images/'
 WHERE link = 'https://test.testr10.com/file/images/'
 LIMIT 500;

-- Set the next 500 records
UPDATE link 
   SET link = 'https://test2.testr12.com/file/images/'
 WHERE link = 'https://test.testr10.com/file/images/'
 LIMIT 500;

-- Run again with 3 in the domain
-- Run again with 4 in the domain

-- Even though only 400 records remain, you can still use 500
-- (only the remaining 400 records will match for update)
UPDATE link 
   SET link = 'https://test5.testr15.com/file/images/'
 WHERE link = 'https://test.testr10.com/file/images/'
 LIMIT 500;

根据上面的示例，将在5个查询中覆盖较小集合中的所有2400条记录。将LIMIT值更改为所需的任何值。
下面是一个基于示例的dbfiddle。