您可以使用扩展命令变量v1.17.0
如果使用命令extension.commandvariable.file.fileAsKey，则可以使用命令变量${command:cmake.launchTargetPath}获取用于将键（文件路径部分）与命令行参数匹配的路径。
选择的默认值（-v0）是一个命令选项，其他程序可以接受，但不会执行主要操作。通常选择-v来选择调试日志级别。

{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "(gdb) Launch",
      "type": "cppdbg",
      "request": "launch",
      "program": "${command:cmake.launchTargetPath}",
      "args": ["${input:arg1}", "${input:arg2}"],
      "stopAtEntry": false,
      "cwd": "${command:cmake.launchTargetDirectory}",
      "environment": [],
      "externalConsole": false,
      "MIMode": "gdb",
      "setupCommands": [
        {
          "description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb",
          "text": "-enable-pretty-printing",
          "ignoreFailures": true
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inputs": [
    {
      "id": "arg1",
      "type": "command",
      "command": "extension.commandvariable.file.fileAsKey",
      "args": {
        "@useCommand": "${command:cmake.launchTargetPath}",
        "@default": "-v0",
        "proj1": "--serialPort"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "arg2",
      "type": "command",
      "command": "extension.commandvariable.file.fileAsKey",
      "args": {
        "@useCommand": "${command:cmake.launchTargetPath}",
        "@default": "-v0",
        "proj1": "/dev/ttyS0"
      }
    }
  ]
}

编辑

在版本1.18.1中，我将调试日志添加到fileAsKey命令中。
1.将以下行添加到args属性：

"@debug": true

1.打开VSC的开发工具：帮助〉切换开发者工具
1.清除控制台
1.使用F5启动调试会话
在控制台中，您会发现大量文本，如果fileAsKey执行无误，您应该会发现以下消息：

[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: debug logs enabled
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: use command variable: ${command:cmake.launchTargetPath}
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: execute command: cmake.launchTargetPath
[Extension Host] [CMakeTools] [debug] [extension] [6927] cmake.launchTargetPath started
[Extension Host] [CMakeTools] [debug] [cache] Reading CMake cache file C:/Projects/cmakeQuickStart/build/CMakeCache.txt
.....
[Extension Host] [CMakeTools] [debug] [extension] [6927] cmake.launchTargetPath finished (returned "C:\\Projects\\cmakeQuickStart\\build\\helloAll.exe")
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: execute command result: C:\Projects\cmakeQuickStart\build\helloAll.exe
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: path used: C:/Projects/cmakeQuickStart/build/helloAll.exe
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: default value: -v0
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: try key: helloAll
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: before variable substitution: /dev/ttyS0
[Extension Host] commandvariable.file.fileAsKey: after variable substitution: /dev/ttyS0

这可能无法解决问题，但如果您无法选择要启动的正确目标，请按照以下说明操作：尝试以下命令：CMake: set debug target并选择你想要的。要输入一个命令到Menu > View > Command Palette或使用快捷方式Shift + Ctrl + P。另一个选择是查看底部栏，不仅更改“构建”目标，而且更改“启动”目标，在bug（调试）符号和三角形（运行）符号的右侧显示。